From what I understand, you have spent the better part of your adult life lobbying for conservative causes, in particular getting rid of public education. You have pushed for school choice in the form of Charter schools—publicly funded but privately run schools within the framework of public education—and public vouchers for parents to help them pay to send their children to private and parochial schools. The results of these efforts from the statistics I have seen have been mixed: Charter schools in general perform on a par with public schools, and voucher systems have as yet not been operating long enough to indicate any trend different than public school results. While many private and some parochial schools have had a history of outperforming public schools, they also have had the advantage of selecting the students they want to admit. Under a voucher system, if they choose to participate, I assume the participating schools will no longer have the option of choosing the students they wish to accept, and as such their results may not be as exemplary as in the past. That remains to be seen.
Regardless, if your intent as Education Secretary is to continue to push for more Charter schools and more voucher systems, I suspect you will achieve much the same results as you have in the past, which is to say not much better overall than standard public education. If, however, your objective as Education Secretary is to make a real difference in the lives of students and perhaps actually to improve public education, I would suggest you consider advocating for something other than just school choice.
The truth is determining how to make public education better is not a function of simply providing more school choice but identifying what is wrong or what has gone wrong with the model we already have that has been around for generations and has largely served society well, and coming up with the mechanisms to fix it. I recognize you believe in free markets and a market-based approach to virtually everything, education included. But this mindset blinds you to other approaches that might be more effective, cheaper to implement and better for all.
The trouble is schools are not products, and many people do not have the opportunity, however you may wish it so, to vote with their feet and go to a different school in the same way a consumer can change his brand of soap if he doesn’t like the results of the one he has been using. Someone who lives in a rural area can’t just create another school or drive a long distance to attend one that is better than the one in his area. An inner-city family dependent on buses cannot just decide to attend a school in the suburbs. Even if a student receives a voucher to attend a private school, one that is convenient, that still does not mean he would be able to afford attending it. More than likely the voucher would pay only partially the cost of attending the school, and the remaining needed amount would be more than the student could afford. Simply creating a Charter school that is run by its own board without oversight does not guarantee excellence, regardless of whether the school is for profit or non-profit. The essential structure of Charter schools is effectively no different than public schools, and they are just as susceptible to poor management and incompetence as public schools.
In essence, what makes a good school whether public, Charter, or private is good ethical management, competent, dedicated personnel, and an involved community that cares about the education of its children. This being the case, shouldn’t the objective be to focus on these factors at the schools that already exist rather than trying to replace the schools or add to them with more of the same without addressing these three critical factors? Why try to reinvent the wheel when the wheel already exists; it just needs some refinements?
Below, are the refinements I would suggest you consider if by some chance you can see beyond the blinders you wear of conservative ideology and the market mechanism and you really would like to make a difference in students’ lives as you testified in your confirmation hearings.
First, we need to dispense with the myth that all public schools are bad. They are not. I know, you believe that “government sucks,” but the truth belies the fiction you have been peddling for decades. Public school performance overall runs the gamut from bad to quite excellent. Similarly, another myth is that American students fall far behind their counterparts in other countries. Some may, but in general American students perform at a level close to or equal to the majority in the rest of the world.
This is not to say that American public schools cannot and should not do better. Certainly, if a student graduates from high school and cannot read, a fact for which there are unfortunately many examples, there is a real problem.
Of late, emphasis in many states and nationally to improve public school performance has been placed on teacher performance; specifically, creating standards and evaluation criteria to rid the schools of underperforming and incompetent teachers and rewarding those who perform well. The idea behind this movement is that teachers have the most impact on student performance such that they and they alone should be held to a high standard, and in so doing student performance will improve. The results of this movement in the same vein as the school choice remedy have been mixed at best. Student performance has not shown any appreciable improvement; rather, by placing the blame for low student performance on one factor—teachers—this has caused much uproar and consternation in teacher ranks, pushing many teachers, many of whom have much experience and a record of high student achievement to leave the profession rather than submit to what they feel, and justifiably so, is an arbitrary regulatory burden and an unjust attack on them and their profession.
Are there bad teachers? Of course, there are, just as there are bad doctors, bad mechanics, bad plumbers, etc. To indict all teachers for the ills of the public education system makes as much sense as to blame solely doctors for the ills of our health care system.
The truth is the ills of our public education system are not going to be solved by claiming one factor in the system is to blame or by claiming the only thing needed is to inject competition in the system by providing choice and all will be well. It won’t. Such answers are simplistic and fail to examine the peculiarities of education and come up with solutions that specifically address those peculiarities.
What we do need to examine is ourselves as a society and the importance we place as a society on the education of our children. If we really are committed to providing the best education possible for the many, we must recognize that we cannot short-change it and expect to have the best.
Commitment to education just as commitment to having the best military or the best health care translates into dollars. This is not to say that you merely throw money at the problem and expect good results; rather, you spend judiciously and in a planned and coordinated way, identifying what your objectives are, what inputs are needed to achieve those objectives and spending accordingly to provide adequate resources, both human and material, to provide the best outcomes.
In terms of education this starts with paying teachers an attractive salary commensurate with their education and responsibility such that you can recruit the best possible candidates to the profession. It means providing them with the best possible training for them to carry out their responsibilities competently. As it stands now, many teachers come out of college having knowledge of the subject or subjects they are to teach but having a paltry one semester of student teaching experience under their belts, and with this they are expected to be experts in teaching. This follows the notion that anybody can teach or that “those who can, do, and those who can’t, teach,” which is insulting and misguided in the extreme. Not just anyone can teach. Good teachers have an aptitude to teach, just as good doctors or attorneys, mechanics, plumbers, etc., have a special aptitude for what they do. If you want good teachers, then, recruit people who first have an aptitude to teach. Then, train them appropriately and thoroughly to take advantage of this aptitude, which means giving them much practical experience in a classroom under supervision while they also are learning subject matter. Once they have graduated, place them in a classroom with mentorship, and finally reward them appropriately.
The reward, the pay for being a teacher, is critical. Is it right that we reward better other professions carrying equal preparation time and less responsibility than teachers? Do we really care that little for our children, those who someday will take the mantle of responsibility for the continuance of our society, by rewarding so poorly those who spend so much time with our children, who in many cases have the most impact on their lives and futures?
In our society today teacher salaries largely are governed by the market for their labor, which is to say their salaries are dependent on the supply of teachers in relation to the demand for their services. Yet, if we are serious about making public education the best it can be, we must move beyond this market paradigm and compensate teachers for the value of their services to us as one of and sometimes the primary influences on the lives and futures of our children and hence society. By moving to this different paradigm we also can and must expect excellence from our teachers, much as we do from our doctors, and when we do not receive the excellence we expect, measured by student performance, we must have in place a system that deals appropriately with non-performance.
Further, we must incentivize teachers to stay in the classroom and teach. As it is right now, teachers are incentivized to leave the classroom for the greener fields of administration, the salary structure for which is higher than it is for teachers. What happens is that teachers who want and need higher salaries, leave the profession to move into administration, a field for which they may or may not have an aptitude. We are losing valuable resources when this happens. To avoid this, teacher salaries should be commensurate with administrative salaries. Where is it written that administrators must of necessity be paid more than teachers, when it is teachers who have the most direct impact on students and student performance? Essentially what we are saying by letting the market determine administrative and teacher salaries is that we value administrators more than teachers.
This is not to say that administrators are not important. They are, but not all administrators are as important or key to the education of children. Certain administrative positions are more important than others, in particular the head administrator of a school. Just as success on the gridiron is largely determined by the person leading the team on the field of play—the quarterback—the success of a school is dependent on who is in charge of the school—the principal. Without capable, determined, student-focused leadership in a school, the results will be less than exemplary. A good principal puts the needs of the students foremost, he or she demands excellence from his or her staff and will accept nothing less. The staff is put on notice that they must perform or risk losing their positions. There are many examples, some documented by Hollywood, of situations in which an underperforming school is placed in the hands of a very capable and determined principal, and the school becomes a high achiever despite whatever social-milieu of which it is a part or the particular disadvantages and challenges it and the students may face. Similarly, there are many examples of schools that have had a history of high achievement suddenly, usually upon retirement of the principal, placed in the hands of another leader, perhaps not quite as capable or determined as the former one, which have declined noticeably in performance very soon after the new leader has taken over.
Public schools are very much a part of the socio-economic environment in which they reside. This can and often is an impediment to success, especially if there is inadequate leadership of the school and the teachers are not as competent as they could be, are not held to high standards, and are less than motivated. What people need to understand about public schools, about any school, is that what comes through the door of every class is not just the students, but what the students bring with them in terms of their environment, family and otherwise, the attitudes of the parents and community toward school and education, among other things. Teachers are not miracle workers. They cannot magically impart knowledge in students who do not want to learn, who are only in school because they have to be there, whose parents or caregivers view the schools as babysitters, who take no interest in what their children are learning, who make no effort to enforce at home what the children are supposed to be learning in the school, or simply cannot because of language barriers.
Parental and community participation in the lives of the children, their care and interest in what the children are learning, and that they learn are key components to the success of a school. One key indicator of parental/caregiver involvement in the lives of the children and their interest in the education of their children is how many show up to “afterschool night” and parent-teacher conferences. As a rule, where there is majority participation in these events with little cajoling to attend, there is usually better student and school performance. Where there is disinterested attendance, there is usually low overall student and school performance.
Similarly, for there to be good student and school performance there must be mechanisms of discipline in the school that put all on notice that misbehavior in class will not be tolerated under any circumstances and that consequences for such misbehavior will be severe and are carried out. Teachers who are tasked with teaching nearly thirty students, and individualizing that teaching as much as possible to take into account adequately the differences among the students and their levels of growth and achievement, cannot do their jobs appropriately if they must constantly be disciplining children who act up because of emotional difficulties or simply have no desire to learn. Too much time is taken away from teaching those who want to learn, such that little teaching and learning takes place. This is the plight of too many public school teachers. It is not that many teachers do not have the classroom management skills necessary to maintain order and discipline (there are, of course, those who do not owing to inadequate preparation and training); rather, teachers with the skills to maintain order must devote an inordinate amount of time to classroom management, such that what is supposed to be taught is limited. For there to be good school performance there must be a partnership among teachers, administrators and parents, all working to ensure that students are made aware that misbehavior will not be tolerated, and that discipline is enforced. When there is good discipline, good learning occurs.
Teachers also cannot be expected to teach those who cannot learn. Proper resources must be supplied to enable teachers to devote their primary attention to those students who can learn. Teachers cannot devote all their time to students who for whatever reason have not the capacity to learn. This shortchanges those students who can. This is a reality that all public school teachers face, and if the objective is to make public schools better, then, it is up to the communities that support the schools to provide the resources (the dollars necessary) that will pay for the extra help the students who have trouble learning need for them to learn. This means providing an adequate number of specialists who can work with these special students. Such specialists might come in the form of reading interventionists, speech therapists, psychologists, tutors, para-professionals and more. They cost money, but if the objective is better schools and the community and society is serious about having better schools, then, the necessary funds for such specialists must be forthcoming.
Schools also ought to be able to draw on the professional and volunteer resources of the community, and mechanisms should be developed and implemented to take advantage of the resources. Many companies could volunteer their employees’ time to these endeavors, perhaps providing some form of tax incentive for doing so. Retired people with special skills and knowledge should be sought out and used to help students who need assistance. Communities are a wealth of knowledge and skill that for the most part largely goes to waste in the education of our children.
If the objective is more effective teachers and more learning by students, cut the excessive regulation to which teachers are subjected. I have heard many teachers lament such regulation and cry out, “If they would just let us teach!” Regulations are imposed on the teachers and schools by the federal government, the state governments, local school districts and school administrations, such that teachers must contend with a dizzying array of regulations and rules, many of which are totally unnecessary and make teaching more difficult and certainly a very unpleasant experience.
Similarly, stop the educational establishment from constantly changing and demanding how a subject should be taught. If a specific method is working, why insist that it be discontinued in favor of something else that is untried and frequently doesn’t work and is confusing to the students? “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” An able and skilled teacher knows his or her students and what works. Yes, provide the curriculum of what is to be taught, but allow the teacher to choose how to teach it. Don’t dictate that it must be taught in a certain way. Not all students learn the same way, and a one-method fits all approach inevitably leaves some students behind. Allow the person closest to the students—the teacher–to determine what will work for his or her charges.
In addition, too often schools and school districts decide they want to institute a program that they have seen to be beneficial elsewhere and those in charge believe will be beneficial to their students as well. Unfortunately, more often than not, these programs are hastily put together and rolled out without first having thoroughly examined whether the program is a good fit for their system, if it needs to be modified in some fashion to make it a good fit, identifying how it will be implemented and evaluated, assembling the resources necessary, providing adequate training to those who will be executing the program, rolling out a beta version first to iron out the kinks, etc. Schools and school systems could learn a lot from the private sector in the process for implementing a program. Companies have much experience doing this and would be a good source of information and example, thus ensuring that a program is implemented correctly and has a greater chance of success.
At one time, students who did not demonstrate competence in the subjects taught were not passed on to the next grade. Now, they are regardless of whether they can demonstrate mastery. The idea for this is based on the notion that somehow not passing a student would irreparably harm the student psychologically. Assuming this idea is possibly true, and I doubt it is, what is more harmful to a student: the temporary embarrassment of being held back or being passed on when not ready such that he or she falls so far behind the other students that in time the student just gives up and becomes a nuisance in the class due to bad behavior, eventually dropping out and then becoming a problem for the justice system and a captive of welfare? I would argue a temporary embarrassment is far less traumatic and much less expensive than a wasted life.
Schools and the country should jettison the misguided notion that students in the rest of the world are more advanced in their learning, such that students in the United States should be exposed to concepts earlier in their educational experience. Does it really make sense to insist that all students beginning in kindergarten learn how to read, add and subtract, and be able to write a paragraph? The Common Core pushes this notion and some school districts push it as well. Granted, there may be some students who at this early age can handle such demands of them. The vast majority, however, cannot.
What is the rush to stuff knowledge and skills down childrens’ throats? The reality is children learn when they’re ready to learn and not before. Maria Montessori proved this, and the schools that employ her system follow this philosophy with good results. Her ideas and philosophy have been proven by subsequent research in childhood development. Better to employ what has been learned about childhood development and expose children to concepts only when they are developmentally ready to accept them, rather than push them to learn something they are incapable of learning and scar them permanently psychologically. Nothing is worse than to be a teacher and inherit children from previous grades who because they were forced to learn concepts they were ill-equipped to learn are so far behind and are simply frustrated, with very low self-esteem, and who believe they cannot learn, which has become a self-fulfilling prophesy.
Coinciding with this educational trend of pushing knowledge down students’ throats when they are ill-equipped to learn it, is the push to test students ad nauseum with standardized tests to determine how they are faring. At one time, such standardized tests were administered only in the third, eighth, and 11th grades. Now, every year and several times a year they are tested, which is in addition to the tests they take for any particular unit of a subject. To accommodate the extra testing schools must allocate more human resources to it, resources that could be better applied to teaching the children or providing the specialized help they might need. Again, the teachers are well aware of their students’ needs. Fancy metrics and analysis with plans for addressing the students’ needs are a waste of time and money. If you want to know how the students are doing, ask the teachers, and let them deal with how they’re going to address the students’ needs.
Finally, if you want to know what is needed to improve the schools, ask those who are in the front lines of education: the teachers. They deal with these issues on a daily basis. Listening to someone who has a Ph.D. but has never set foot in a classroom as a teacher is like asking a mechanic what is needed to do brain surgery or a brain surgeon what is needed to fix a car.
So, Madame Secretary, if you really want to be an advocate for students and make America’s schools great again, start talking to teachers in the public schools, those who work at schools that are successful and those who work at schools that are not so much, and think about the suggestions discussed above and how you could become an advocate for their implementation. Of course, you can follow the conservative line and push for more choice in schools as you have the past 30 years, effectively gutting public education but achieving more of the same result of inadequate education for the many. It would just go by a different name. The choice is yours.